|
A Crown colony, also known in the 17th century as royal colony, was a type of colonial administration of the British overseas territories Crown, or royal, colonies were ruled by a governor appointed by the monarch. By the middle of the 19th century, the sovereign appointed royal governors on the advice of the Secretary of State for the Colonies.〔Jenks, p. 70.〕 Under the name of "royal colony", the first of what would later become known as Crown colonies was the English Colony of Virginia in the present-day United States, after the Crown, in 1624, revoked the royal charter it had granted to the Virginia Company, taking over direct administration.〔Porter, p. 477.〕 Until the mid-19th century, the term "Crown colony" was primarily used to refer to those colonies that had been acquired through wars, such as Trinidad and Tobago〔(History of Parliament: Parliament of Trinidad and Tobago ) - Parliament of Trinidad and Tobago.〕 and British Guiana, but after that time it was more broadly applied to any colony other than the Presidencies and provinces of British India and the colonies of settlement, such as The Canadas, Newfoundland, British Columbia, New South Wales, Queensland, South Australia, Tasmania, Victoria, Western Australia, and New Zealand, later to become the Dominions.〔Olson, p. 343.〕 The term continued to be used up until 1981, when the British Nationality Act 1981 reclassified the remaining British colonies as "British Dependent Territories". By this time, the term "Crown colony" referred specifically to those colonies ruled directly by a Governor appointed by the Monarch (as was the case in Hong Kong before the 1997 handover to the Peoples' Republic of China), with or without the assistance of some form of council appointed by the Governor. The term was not used to apply to those colonies which were substantially autonomous, usually described as ''"self-governed colonies"'' (at that time, primarily Bermuda, which had become a Crown Colony, according to an older definition of the term, when the Crown revoked the Royal Charter it had given to the Somers Isles Company, successor to the Virginia Company, in 1684. this meant that the Crown, from then onwards, appointed the Governor of Bermuda, previously appointed by the Company. Bermuda had already been internally self-governed for sixty-four years, however, and by the Twentieth Century the definition of "Crown Colony" had narrowed to include only those territories without internal self-government. The Parliament of Bermuda having existed continuously since its first session in 1620, including through The Protectorate, when the Mother Country herself had no parliament). From 2002, all remaining British colonies, whether Crown Colonies or self-governed, have been known as British Overseas Territories.〔(【引用サイトリンク】 author= )〕 The British Government has also encouraged most of the territories to emulate Bermuda and become increasingly self-governing and self-reliant, or, where the poorer colonies are concerned, to pool their resources and rely on each other, freeing the British Government of much of its remaining obligations in the territories, if not of its Sovereignty. The current Crown dependencies were never considered Crown colonies; the form of government is constitutional monarchy, and the islands voluntarily cooperate with the government of the United Kingdom in certain areas. Sovereignty of the Isle of Man was purchased, and the Channel Islands are the remnants of the Duchy of Normandy. ==Types== There were ''three'' types of Crown colony as of 1918, with differing degrees of autonomy: Crown colonies ''with representative councils'' such as Bermuda, Jamaica, Ceylon, British Columbia, Newfoundland and Fiji contained one or two legislative chambers, consisting of Crown appointed or locally elected members. Crown colonies ''with nominated councils'' such as British Honduras, Sierra Leone, Grenada and Hong Kong were staffed entirely by Crown appointed members, with some appointed representation from the local population. It should be noted that Hong Kong had a representative council following the introduction of election for the Hong Kong Legislative Council in 1995. Crown colonies ''ruled directly by a Governor'' such as Basutoland,〔Jenks, pp. 71-4.〕 Gibraltar, Saint Helena and Singapore were fewest in number and had the least autonomy. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Crown colony」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
|